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, A Ioannidis General Anticancer Hospital 'Metaxa' , Piraeus , Greece Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic D Tsounis Private Office , Nea Makri , Greece Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic G Bouras 417 NIMTS Veterans' Fund Hospital , Athens , Greece Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic N Pantelas General Anticancer Hospital 'Metaxa' , Piraeus , Greece Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic A Pechlevanis International Hellenic University, School of Health Sciences - Department of Nursing , Sindos , Greece Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic K Gkavoudi General Anticancer Hospital 'Metaxa' , Piraeus , Greece Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic N Stravodimou General Anticancer Hospital 'Metaxa' , Piraeus , Greece Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic C Sidera General Anticancer Hospital 'Metaxa' , Piraeus , Greece Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic E Markidou General Anticancer Hospital 'Metaxa' , Piraeus , Greece Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic T Kafkia International Hellenic University, School of Health Sciences - Department of Nursing , Sindos , Greece Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic
Funding Acknowledgements: None.
Author Notes
European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, Volume 31, Issue Supplement_1, June 2024, zwae175.101, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwae175.101
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A Ioannidis, D Tsounis, G Bouras, N Pantelas, A Pechlevanis, K Gkavoudi, N Stravodimou, C Sidera, E Markidou, T Kafkia, Accuracy of nine artificial intelligence chatbots in replying in accordance with the 2023 ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension, European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, Volume 31, Issue Supplement_1, June 2024, zwae175.101, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwae175.101
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Abstract
Background/Introduction
The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) models has created new opportunities in the medical field. The potential of AI chatbots to deliver timely, reliable medical information is one of its promising features.
Purpose
Our goal was to assess how well online AI chatbots could respond in accordance with the 2023 ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension.
Methods
We structured 20 questions covering issues that have been included in the recommendations of the 2023 ESH Guidelines. Fifteen questions required simple answers (e.g. What is the systolic blood pressure threshold for initiation of drug therapy in patients ≥80 years? Should we use cuffless blood pressure devices for the evaluation of hypertension in clinical practice?). The questions were fed to nine free online chatbots. The responses were recorded and evaluated by three experienced cardiologists with special interest in hypertension. To assess consistency, each question was asked three times, though only the first response was included in the accuracy analysis. All questions were preceded by "According to the 2023 ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension". A response was considered "accurate" if it included all essential information, "inaccurate" if it was not in accordance with the guidelines, and "incomplete" if any essential information was missing.
Results
In total there were 180 responses recorded. A total of 82 (45.6%) responses were deemed accurate, ranging from only 4 out of 20 (20% for deepai.org) to 16 out of 20 (80% for Google-PaLM) (see Figure). Eighty (44.4%) of the responses were judged as inaccurate and 18 (10%) as incomplete. Only one question got accurate responses from all nine chatbots and there were three questions with accurate replies from only one chatbot (different chatbot for each question). Moreover, 293 out of the 360 regenerated responses were consistent with the initial answer (81.1%). No chatbot would have replied accurately to every question even if the regenerated responses were to be considered.
Conclusion(s)
The study resulted in a variation in the accuracy of the responses generated by nine popular online AI chatbots when asked about issues covered in the recommendations of the 2023 ESH Guidelines on arterial hypertension. While the use of chat-based AI in medicine is still in its early stages and current models are not intended for medical use, the potential for such technology is significant. The debate is still ongoing about what level of accuracy is thought to be acceptable.
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Author notes
Funding Acknowledgements: None.
© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.
This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/pages/standard-publication-reuse-rights)
Issue Section:
e-Cardiology / Digital Health, Public Health, Health Economics, Research Methodology > e-Cardiology/Digital Health > Artificial Intelligence (Machine Learning, Deep Learning)
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